Motor oils perform several important functions:
- They cooled engine parts.
- Make efficient removal of the product.
- Reduce friction.
- Lubricate the mechanisms inside.
Machine lubricants are divided into two types: according to SAE standard viscosity according to API standards and physical characteristics. Selected lubricant is still at the stage of creating a car engine project, and make better use of what is recommended in the instructions.
Issued synthetic, organic and semi-synthetic lubricants. Synthetic, according to experts, are considered to be of good quality, but the price is high.
Semisynthetic a price lower, but the quality is not as high. Organic lubricant as shown study, of poor quality, but its price is low.
Synthetic is not used in modern vehicles, only in the older models.
Content:
- Oils for gasoline engines
- Oil for diesel
- Oil for turbine engines
- Oil for worn engines
Oils for gasoline engines
The viscosity of the oil for gasoline engines
The main requirement for this parameter - level stable regardless of the temperature and its abrupt change. This result is difficult to achieve, so the item can be divided for 2: grease summer and winter. It is recommended to use only a certain type in a certain season.
Depending on the level of frost lubricants are allocated for another six groups (for 0 degrees, -5, -10, -15, -20, -25). Also lubricants are divided depending on the level of temperature increase (to 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 degrees).
There lubrication suitable for a specific temperature range specified on the package. Product selection in accordance with the temperature of the external environment will provide excellent engine performance and long service life.
Classification of oil for gasoline engines according to API
Delineation of oil depends on the operating conditions of the machine. Respective designations «S» and «C». The first is only used for engines that use gasoline and one for diesel engines and farm machinery. Indicators are divided into nine types with increasing levels of quality.
The best lubricants for gasoline marked SM or SN. They are reassigned to work well high-revving engines, different reduced rates fumes, which reduces the consumption of grease and extends the work of mechanical parts.
Universal lubricant designed and for petrol and diesel enginesAre labeled SF / CC, SG. Though suitable for any engine, but it is not the best option.
Class API SN - option was introduced in 2010. This standard must comply with the applicable requirements of environmental services. It is compatible with modern systems for purifying exhaust gases and extends the efficiency of gasoline engines.
Class API SM was introduced in 2004, and distributed to Russian motorists.
Class API SJ is used for cars with the year of manufacture of 1996. It does not meet environmental standards, but claimed.
Energy saving has CE marking and provide fuel savings of at least 1-2%.
ILSAC classification
It was introduced by the International Committee for Standardization. There are three differentiation for lubricant - GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 for engines in passenger cars, using gasoline as fuel.
Class GF-3 is designed for a new generation of vehicles, and includes power saving features.
Oil for diesel
Diesel engine - heat-device operating on low-cost hot mixtures. It is characterized by high speed mixing and burnout.
Thus, from diesel engines is practically impossible to achieve complete combustion of the fuel in the exhaust gases increased level of soot.
Diesel Automobile grease consists of viscosity modifiers and multicomponent additives.
Engine lubrication to CE class are considered obsolete.
CE - suitable for a diesel engine, is constantly working on serious stress
CF - for passenger cars
CF-4 - enhancement layer, replacing CE
CF-2 - intended for two-stroke engines
CG-4 - motor lubricant for heavy vehicle diesel engines manufactured in the US
CJ-4 - Class, designed for high-speed four-stroke engines.
oil ACEA classification for the diesel engine.
According to this division 4 categories of engines: A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5.
Compared to gasoline, the diesel fuel in the more sulfur. Oxides of this substance formed when diesel fuel is burned inside. These substances pass into the fuel quickly, while there is an internal combustion engine operation.
Inflammation of diesel fuel requires strong compression. Gases erupt into the crankcase from the combustion chamber more active than similar systems of other type. Because of what the oil as quickly continues to be oxidized.
The quality of diesel fuel is presented few requirements:
- Resistance to oxidation processes.
- Ability to clean parts.
Petrol and diesel "Finish" on the same basis. The difference in additive packages, which are used in the formulation. additive composition differs depending on the purpose for which the machine they were created originally.
Diesel oil composed of specific binding and detergent additives. This reduces the interval of replacement fluid.
Rapid deposition of soot and the sulfur oxides leads to the fact that diesel oil should be changed more often than the other analogs on basis.
Manufacturers add additives to the maximum neutralizing oxidation products.
The composition of gasoline is less and there is not much sulfur in diesel fuel. The main thing - keep in mind that the motors operate with high turnovers, the number of which is 7-8 thousand per minute. At the same time high quality diesels operate at a maximum of 4-4.5 thousand revolutions. Different from each other and the operating speed of these fuels.
Thanks to these features, petrol oil is not as highly susceptible to oxidation. It is important that the composition of oiled friction parts inside the mechanism, reliably protecting it. In particular, at speeds of more than 4-5 thousand.
Developers for each individual mechanism create an individual package of additives.
Oil for turbine engines
Turbocharging operates under high temperature conditions, in contrast to a conventional engine. Lubricants shall maintain their properties at high temperatures. produced special oils for turbine engines with.
If the first marking letter S - oil poured into the petrol units. C - is for use in diesel engines. If the two letters are given by the fraction - is a versatile liquid that is poured into vehicles, regardless of engine variants.
For the diesel units develop a separate classification of quality. It is written in the last few letters of the marking.
- CA and CB. Sales no.
- CF-2, and CD-11 are suitable for two-stroke diesel units.
- CD - indicates high levels of boost, working in any heavy-duty conditions, including, in engines where sulfur content is higher than average rates.
- CC - for-aspirated diesel engines. Equipped with moderate supercharging.
Dividing into groups as follows:
- E3-96 - liquid class "extra" for trucks with a turbocharged engine.
- E2-96 - E1-96 improved version for trucks with high pressure mode.
- B3-96 - for cars with turbo.
- B2-96 - cars.
- B - poured into the passenger transport.
Oil for worn engines
Buyers are trying to save on lubricants, having cars with mileage. But people overlook the fact that over time, to operate oil requirements are reduced. On the contrary, they become harder and more already after the first 3-4 years of driving. Even not too active.
When wear of the cylinder-piston group is reduced compression. Due thereby reducing the effective power of the motor and the fuel consumption increases. Synthetic oils can withstand elevated temperature and environmental influences better mineral. Volatility are lower.
a combustion chamber sealing occurs efficiently. Static protective film is formed. With this engine wear is not so much affect the performance.
Wear causes that more combustion products into the oil. It is oxidized so active that even the additive in the composition losing efficiency.
Synthetic - an excellent choice for those who are interested in the problem of cold start. At low temperatures the synthetic demonstrates smaller viscosity index. Rotating the shaft meets a minimal resistance.
Manufacturers of automotive lubricants consistently received the API and ACEA classifications, which sets out only the basic requirements for lubricants and additives. For car manufacturers left the right to nominate additional requirements for oil, they are described in the manufacturer's specifications.
Engines of cars of different brands do not work the same way. lubrication requirements may vary. Therefore, the oil are thoroughly tested car manufacturers.
After mechanics research or find the appropriate class of lubricants, or make your own specification, which clearly prescribed brands and types of oils that are suitable for use in the cars. These specifications are necessarily described in the instructions.
