Features LED, operation principle, marking, installation

Relatively recently entered our daily lives LEDs. And not just went - broke. And the brazen and confident. And their popularity is growing every day, which is not surprising. Indeed, to date there is no more economical and compact light source. In addition, the color palette of the resulting light is very diverse, which allows to realize any fantasy of the designer or home worker. Different rooms can be decorated in such a way that is breathtaking. But few think the exclusive lighting. It is also necessary to understand how to realize it. But this is impossible without knowing the characteristics of the LEDs. Today we are going to deal in their markings, sizes and applications.

The principle of operation and design features of LEDs

The first such elements are not intended to premises lighting. Their light output was so weak that he used them only for display. However, engineers have correctly assessed the potential to invest in this invention has a lot of time and effort. And the result will not take long - the LEDs began to develop rapidly so that the surprise and the creators themselves. And now, in addition to conventional indicators on the shelves you can find, and light-emitting diodes whose characteristics are superior to predecessors at times, even such as halogen lamps. But they were regarded as the brightest light sources. So how does such a chip?

Its working principle is based on the movement of positive and negative particles, which move under the influence of stress, creating light emission. But hardly dear reader want to delve into all the scientific terms, which means we will explain all the obvious simple layman language.

The design of such a luminous element has three main parts:

• Cathode. The indicator diodes with weak illumination it is perfectly visible. The cathode has the form of the flag;
• Anode. This thin flat wire;
• housingConsisting of a solid color or transparent epoxy resin.

This small educational program needs. After all, if the circuit assembly to the anode submit a "minus" and the cathode "plus" that no glow will not be able to receive. If we talk about the appearance of the indicator diode, the anode, which requires applying a positive charge, can always be determined on a long stalk.

What types of LEDs can be found on the shelves

Such lighting elements may vary over a plurality of features, but nevertheless they are classified according to types of design features. They can be distinguished by the marking, in which the following symbols indicate:

• DIP - this is just a small indicator LED power light. Its housing consists of epoxy resin and has a cylindrical shape with a convex or sunken riding, playing the role of the lens. Inside can be 1, 2 or 3 crystals of different colors. In such a case and terminals will be more legs - 2, 3 and 4 respectively. It was the direct descendant of the diode "piranha", which had a higher luminous efficiency, but it gets very hot and was a great size, but because of its production ceased;
• SMD - this is the modern elements, which we will explain in detail today. They are small, but their brightness is much higher than its predecessors. They are used for lighting, such as lamps and LED strip;
• COB - one of the latest achievements in this field. It is a plate in which there is a plurality of crystals. Such elements have a smooth and bright light and are used, in addition to simple lampsIn projectors;
• «Cree» - superbright components that produces the same name company, do not convey the right technology and the manufacture of anyone. Lanterns on such elements can shine even in the distance is 2 km.

Now, having understood what are the LEDs, you can go to an analysis of their positive and negative qualities.

Are there any disadvantages in LED Lighting?

On the positive side of such elements can talk very long. We will try not to load too dear reader a wealth of information describing all the most briefly.

Lighting on such elements are very economical - all electricity consumed is converted into light (heat almost not) that allows them to increase the efficiency of almost 100% (for comparison, the total efficiency of the incandescent lamp 5-15%). Their service life is typically about 50,000 hours, which may vary from 6 to 10 years, which creates an additional saving budget for purchasing lighting products. Yes and no filament, coupled with robust housing provides additional protection from vibration.

The big advantage is fire safety. These LED-lamps are operated with the help of driversWhich lower the voltage applied to the LEDs. Just the driver and adjusts the voltage, preventing spike damage the elements or to create a situation in which they may explode.

As for the drawbacks, they are insignificant. Of course, before the cost of such lighting was quite high. But now, if we compare prices LED bulbs and the cost of CFLs, they are almost equal. Many believe drawback is that the LED ribbon should be connected through the power supply. However, as it turned out, it is rather the dignity of providing security.

Main characteristics LED-elements

As with any equipment characteristics play a very important role in the selection and acquisition. Now we consider the basic parameters that should be addressed.

Current consumption and its setting in the LED

LED current depends on their size, and sometimes even the color. Usually, this parameter has the value of 0.02 A. If the same is encased in a single housing 4 crystal and the current increases accordingly, and is equal to 0.08 A.

Helpful information! Increasing amperage promotes rapid aging of the element. Precisely in order to stabilize the figure, in modern household LED-lamps and built-in driver. When connecting LED strips used for this purpose power supply or a controller.

With self-assembling circuit to each LED mounted resistor that limits the current value, thereby protecting it from rapid failure.

Rated voltage of light emitting diodes

As such, the concept of stress for such elements do not exist. It is better to use another term -padenie voltage across the LED. It is an index of how much less was tension during the passage through the element. It has average values ​​of this indicator, which depends directly from the illumination color. When the blue, green and white is 3, but for the yellow and red - 1.8-2.4 V.

Indicators resistance value

In general, the LED know the resistance is not required - this information will not work. After all, if it is properly connected, it is insignificant, but if not, then the total. An interesting fact is that in itself this figure in these elements is dynamic. This means that if you add the voltage, then the resistance will start to fall and vice versa.

Power LED lamps, and their luminous flux and its angle of illumination

LED-emission angle elements may be different. Typically, it varies from 20 to 1200. In general, their main luminous flux is more intense in the center and towards the edges dissipated. Due to this and it achieves greater illumination at lower power. If we compare the power consumption of LED and incandescent bulbs, we can see the following picture.

In general, it turns out that the LED-elements 8 times brighter "bulbs Ilicha" at the same power consumption, or also at one and the same power of light flux LEDs consume energy 8 times less than incandescent lamps.

The color temperature of these components

Gamma color temperature of such elements is extensive. To dear reader was more understandable range, we suggest to familiarize with the data in tabular form.

The most common sizes of crystals

chip size is measured in magnitude, denoted «mill». If we talk about the usual size of the measurement, the 1 mill = 0,0254 mm. The most common size is 24x24, 24h40, 35x35 and 40x40 mill. For example, the crystal size 40x40 mill is 1,143 x 1,143 mm and its power consumption - 1 watt.

But the most interesting now to find out what is present-SMD elements and what properties they have.

Characteristics SMDLED, their labeling and applications

These LEDs are nowadays commonly used. It is not only domestic and industrial premises, but also the automotive industry, the different color music and billboards. If you look at any SMD-component, at first glance it is unclear how odintip distinguished from another. In fact, it is not difficult.

Looking at the markings of the LEDs can immediately know his size, and knowing their characteristics and is easy to calculate the capacity of, for example, a light strip on which they are installed. Consider the most common items found on the shelves of Russian.

parameters 2835SMDLED

First we need to understand how to determine the size of the marking of the LEDs. Quite simply, if the figures indicated in 2835, it means that the size of the element will be 2,8h3., 5mm. Characteristics of LED 2835 good. The light output of the light diode is 20-24 lumens, and the radiation area can be attributed to the increased. Another interesting figure degradation. At 3000 hours operation at a temperature of 2400 K an element loses its strength only 5% of the luminous flux.

Good to know! Specifications SMD 2835 allow its use in almost all areas where need lighting.

Characteristics of LED 5050

This element has a larger size. However, this does not mean that its luminous flux are more powerful than the previous version. His body are united 3 crystal, similar SMD 3528 (it is not necessary to be confused with the 2835 - they are quite different). For example, if the light output of 2835 lumens is 20-24, then 3528, this figure only 6-8 lumens. But, back to the SMD 5050. Its power is 0.2 W, and the power of the light flux - 16-18 lumens.

Features SMD LEDs 5730

This is the element having a good performance. It is much brighter than the previous ones, but also the consumption of it above. Labeling is clear that its size - 5.7h3mm. The strength of the light flux is 50Lm at power consumption 0.6Vt. Now, a new generation of LEDs, the power is 1W. Their marks already looks like SMD5730-1.

The maximum operating temperature of these elements 1200 K. When operating in this temperature for 3000 hours element degradation will be only 1%.

The new word in the line SMDLED - elements «Cree»

These LEDs are quite different from the model that we have today considered and surpass them in many ways. These multiple line model series, among which are the light-emitting diodes is 3 volts XQ-E HighIntensity, having a sufficiently small size - 1,6h1,6 mm. Beam angle is 100-1500, and the power of the light flux - 330 Lumen. In this case, the LED has only one crystal.

The smallest of the «Cree» second generation, called producer «High-Brightness» - this LED XHP35, the characteristics of which are staggering. When 3,45h3,45 mm sizes and required voltage of this element 11-12 generates force luminous flux above 1000 lumens.

Indeed, the characteristics of the «Cree» LEDs are impressive. The company sets these elements on a variety of equipment, including floodlights and parking lots and lighting on the walls of buildings and structures. But it is interesting and the fact that the characteristics of the LEDs for the Lantern slightly inferior to those that are installed on street lights.

How can I check the light diode multimeter

It's hard to do. In any multimeter It has its own power source, which will help with the verification. It is necessary to set the switch on the front panel of the continuity. Thus, if the touch probe to one another should beep.

Next, touch probes to the legs of the diode. If it is not lit, you need to change the polarity. If, however, in this case, nothing happened, then the element defective.

Does the color of the LEDs marked?

Marking Russian LEDs rather complicated. For example, we cite only a small portion of the color-coded table.

Foreign elements are marked in different ways, depending on the manufacturer and the country of the company.

Code letter LED strip

LED Strip today is truly multifunctional. Indeed, it is not only used to illuminate the ceiling, but also as general lighting and both latent illumination of the working area. And as running lights, she fits perfectly.

The marking LED strip contains both letters and numerals. Now we analyze an example of how it is to decipher. Take the usual markings -LED-CW-SMD-5050/60 IP68. The first indicates the light source, the second - the color, in this case white. Next is the type of light-emitting diodes and digital marking / number of one meter. And the last entry by a space - this protection class. Surely, if the dear reader interested in light diodes, it is a little bit familiar with security markings class appliances. Here it is identical.

What you can do yourself to use light emitting diodes

In fact, of the LEDs can do many useful devices. It all depends on the skills of beginner electronics wizard and his fantasy. Consider the simplest versions of some of the devices that have the power to make their own hands even without any skills.

Stabilizing device for power LEDs

It is clear that without the stabilizer function LED-elements can not, therefore, need it or buy, or mount his own. The easiest option is to use Power Supply from a broken computer. If it does not fit, it is quite good, and a garland for the Christmas tree in China. It will allow the controller to provide power tolerably 15-20 elements of small capacity.

Daytime running car lights

DRL produce? Nothing could be easier. Use Weatherproof (IP66 or higher) tape. She glued the bottom lights or in convenient locations on the front bumper. Soldered it wires are inserted into the grille. This is followed by the connection diagram according to a vehicle, the ignition. adhesions place is best treated silicone sealant - this will protect against oxidation.

Flashing advertising on the facade of the store

It is known that flashing advertising to attract the best static. It all depends on the wishes of the master - how Drill holes in the board and arrange the LEDs. But their connection is necessary to work. How to calculate the resistance of LEDs, we will look at below, but we will deal with soldering today.

If we take as a stabilizer a block from the Chinese garlands, the first thing we need to see what is its power and the output voltage, and already the basis of this, we expect the number of elements and their scheme adhesions. Its better to sketch on paper to avoid confusion.

Lumiere for festive mood

For it will need a special device that will feed pulses, based on the music beat. If there is no knowledge in the field of electronics, it will not be able to do it yourself it will have to buy. And everything else was similar to the previous version.

Screwdriver indicator on the LED-elements

Such an arrangement would require some additional details, but in the end it can be done without much effort. For those who do not, can offer the scheme to build a required light emitting diode, capacitive impedance, current limiting and conventional diode VD1 1N4001, which protects against reverse half-wave.

How connected LEDs: some schemes

The basic rule when connected, is the presence of resistance. His task - to prevent, in the jump voltage, increased current intensity to burn a light diode. But it is necessary to calculate correctly. Now we try to understand how to do it.

We expect resistance rating for the LED

For correct calculation of the resistance to the LED, we need the following formula:

R = (Upow-Upad) / Iwhere R - required us to resistance; Upow - input voltage; Upad - rated voltage and LED I - LED current. However, it is worth remembering that the characteristics of the LED 3 Watt one manufacturer may not coincide with the parameters identical but manufactured by others.

If there is no desire to make the calculations yourself, you can use an online calculator.

Good to know! If you are connecting through a power supply from a smartphone or phone, the presence of resistance is not required.

Connecting the LED network 220: schemes and rules

Here we need a normal diode in front of the light source. This means that it is possible, calculate the required number of LEDs and connect them in series, included in the chain before the first of them diode VD1 1N4001. This will be enough to avoid reverse breakdown. However, about the resistance in front of each of the LEDs must not be forgotten.

Related article:

LED table lamps for your desktop.How to choose the device which the intensity of illumination is required, where it is set, the review of the original models - about this and many other special material.

Parallel and serial connection - what is the difference

The serial connection is used to compensate for the high voltage. In other words, if we have 2 lamps on 127 V, and the voltage is 220, we can connect them in series, and they will work fine. If they are connected in parallel, then they just explode.

In the diagram, it looks like this. In sequential mode LED anode of one of them connected to the cathode of the other. Such a chain extends up until the total voltage of LEDs does not match, or not come close to the mains voltage.

In parallel connection all anodes are interconnected as cathodes.

Related article:

Wiring diagram LED strip to 220V.In this article we consider in detail the pros and cons of LED application areas. How to choose the right tape, their types and the average cost. And the secrets of the installation with their own hands.

How to connect the LEDs to 12

Here, the fundamental differences with connecting LEDs to the network 220 is not present. The only difference is the number of items and the calculation of their resistance. But 12 is still safer. So, if the novice master have no experience in such matters, it is best practice to connect the LEDs to 12 V.

Related article:

Of this publication you will learn about The power supply 12 for the LED stripWhether it is necessary, what is and how to choose his positive and negative qualities, how to calculate such a device, how to make their own hands.

To summarize

The rise in popularity of LEDs will undoubtedly lead to the fact that after some time mankind altogether abandon the use of fluorescent and incandescent lamps. After all, it really is the most economical and safest form of lighting. Let's hope that the engineers did not stop there and maybe we will soon see a new LED that even surpass the products of «Cree».

We hope that the dear reader found in our article what he sought. If you have any questions, our team will be happy to answer them in the discussions below. And finally, a short video that will interest you.