Retaining wall in the area with slant: how to make the device

Hikers and mountain roads just fans are accustomed to seeing retaining walls - structures that protect against the destruction of the soil and its contact with the roadway. Gray stone barrier under the green slopes has become a familiar part of the natural landscape. More than half a century ago, there were some types of backups. In our time on the private property there is also a fencing mainly with the decorative value and the corresponding liner. Elevation is now actively used in landscape design. They are left in their original form, hide or somehow emphasize. Retaining structures are harvested from a dozen different materials and with radically different technology. Using geotextile, metal mesh, pile poles. Conventional wall structures or layers laid one block. As a result, the road is obtained protection against landslides and in private improving soil.

Device and function

In the simple value of retaining walls is divided by fortification and decoration. The difference between the species is in varying degrees of stress and exposure. The design necessarily includes underground, above-ground parts and protective communication. On the foundation of crushed soil itself wall. The ground part (body) and closes the elevation on the outside. It is flat and oblique. The protective role played by the drainage and sewage. These communication disperse water and moisture, excessively accumulating on the insides.

Retaining surfaces operate four functions: zoning, fastening, protective and decorative. The first implies the separation of rough bumpy areas from the rest of the territory. Strengthening means of soil fixation and preventing shattering. Additionally - is to protect the integrity of the buildings. Decorative effect is expressed as a liner, a variety of shapes and heights.

design Features

The design should be carried out on the basis of:

1. Plan drawings.
2. Report on the engineering studies.
3. technological tasks.

Building codes and standards require builders to take into account environmental factors and properties of materials. This - the desired level of water resistance, the changes in physical and mechanical features of the soil, the transfer of horizontal loads, the possibility of using the spacer and anchoring structures. The standards have recommendations on measures and design solutions aimed at reducing the pressure on the fence. Including the use of geotextiles and unloading items. To determine the lateral pressure of the soil into account external loads and the impact on the array. Including from adjacent buildings, their foundations, construction machinery and loads from the roadway. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the slope faces and the vertical displacement of the boundaries of geotechnical objects from the horizontal axis. The draft calculated wall deformation and strength characteristics for fencing junction and ground.

What determines the strength of the retaining wall

Durability is directly related to stability and ability to withstand pressure. On the wall of a greater mass of soil, but moving slowly as a result of geological processes. When erecting barriers into account its own weight proximity w / e ways and seismic activity. In addition, the effects associated with exposure to water flows: the height of underground water, the likelihood of erosion by rain, swelling of the soil in the winter. A retaining element with a height of 2 meters and a set based on wind power, typical for the region. Durability depends directly on the thickness of the wall. The latter figure is adjusted for the type and level of the soil, the height of the barrier. The above parameters are the height of the relief and the wall, soft soil, the greater the required thickness. In this case, excess own weight could cause cracks.

Highlights of the construction of the retaining wall

Construction technology involves complex issues. Calculations are made based on the criteria of durability, reliability and the desired service life. On compact plots allowed an independent construction. In this case, there are other restrictions and regulations. Wall built with his own hands, provided the stability of the soil. Sandy loam, gravel, rock and clay - acceptable options. It should also be borne in mind that the strengthening of independent soil on the slope is strictly prohibited. The walls erected on the substrate from freezing within a half meters from the surface. Separate device has a limit of 1.4 m in height for ground part obstacles. Calculations for dimensional structures produce professionals: determining parameters becomes complicated with increase in height of the fence above the said indicator. Standards allow the level of occurrence of groundwater flows at a depth of at least 1 meter, ideally - 1.5.

laying the foundation

The base is formed at 30 cm above the walls. Increase the depth of the foundation as the looseness of the soil. The solid substrate is poured foundation with a proportion of 1: 4 with respect to the ground part. The base of one-third of the guards lay in the soil medium soft. On the loose and unstable ground under the foundation necessary to leave half of the total height. The most reliable base options are composed of crushed stone or gravel and sand, cement or compacted clay. The solution is poured into the prepared formwork on the principle of continuous footing. Apparatus normal retaining wall provides a strong base and the same enclosure. From the internal destruction of the building to protect the waterproofing layer. Measures to counter the influence of moisture include the organization of sewers and drainage. The path for drainage should be planned in advance.

Construction of the wall and increase its stability

The method of construction depends on the material. In most cases, the contact part of the slope leveled. Erection of stone designs produced using large stones, combining the wall with the soil at the right level, around which the building enclosure. At the same time maintained the distance to the drainage layer. It is organized through the gaps. Collect the stones themselves mosaics and fasten cement mixture. In between, are planted plants with fibrous roots. They fortify the wall. In addition, there are about a dozen methods to increase stability. Firstly, the inner side wall erected at an angle to the ground. Undulating faces relieve pressure on the inner surface. Hollow granules, drain the excess load is removed. Lined console outside and docks on the inside of the structure also increase resistance.

Some construction technology:

1. Makvoll.
2. Terramesh.
3. Green Terramesh.

organization drainage

There are longitudinal, transverse and combined options. The first type of arrangement, also called underground means gasket along the fence asbestos-cement, ceramic or a corrugated tube of 10-15 cm thick. It is wrapped in geotextile material that absorbs water. The liquid enters the tube through the small holes, and "leaves" outside terraces. The transverse discharge type organized with addition holes in each of the second and third row of diameter in the range of 10 cm. The method may involve mounting tubes obliquely to the water quickly left portion. Drainage - this including protection against exposure to precipitation. The building block is added Cornice with a slight slope - it protects against ingress of water into the system and, respectively - from the wall breaking during frosts. The right choice can be made after studying the weather terrain.

Drainage between the wall and the ground

After the construction of the wall in a few days and rests on a simple pass to fill the gap between the slope and the wall. Use coarse ground, coarse sand, pebbles, gravel. Even large particles are used: various waste materials, fragments of brick. Gravel exerts considerable pressure on the structure, but in the drainage system is - the additional layer. Primer and draining the mixture is placed in layers, at each stage of compacted system. For the retaining wall is considered better options sands, sandy loam and coarse soils. Above the laying material commonly used vegetable soil. After ramming the last layer fences, leave it for a couple of weeks without exercise. During this time, the strengthening of the material-will receive the bulk properties. It is important that the top was removed before subterranean formation with a sufficient concentration of humus. Then proceed to the arrangement of terraces.

Primers with soluble organic inclusions and approximately 5% of the total weight unsuitable backfill!

Using waterproofing

The expediency of the insulation is determined by two criteria: type of surface material and soil varieties. The first parameter is isolated porous and smooth structure. Spongy quickly absorbs moisture, has high permeability. At the same time, it often prevents condensation, which leads to a decrease in strength. In turn, the dry type of soil sufficient waterproofing coating or spraying the mastic. Insulation damp soil organize roll materials. Usually retaining fences apply surface waterproofing watertight structures. This type of protection is applied in dry weather on a heated surface. Option to glue waterproofing involves the use of rolled materials for roofing mastics and functions as a binding agent. Insulation membrane is placed on the plaster. You can order and professional waterproofing.

Some waterproofing options:

• roofing roofing;
• roofing material.

How to calculate the retaining walls of various types and designs

Calculation of retaining fences and foundations produce two groups of limit states. For the first of these calculations performed in connection with the six types of inspections. We are talking about wall shear stability, rotation and tipping, as well as the bearing capacity and strength of the base. Checks also relate to strength of nodes and connections, filtration resistance and the same indicator in the spacer elements. The calculations for the second group includes data on resistance to cracking and toughness "foundation - a retaining structure" compound. For backups such as "slurry wall" to perform calculations on the walls of the trench with a thixotropic solution. For fencing of the individual parts in the parameter calculations produce punching soil between different elements. Calculation of flexible walls with a spacer or anchor makes contact on the basis of nonlinear models or numerical methods for nonlinear models of continuous media.

Features of the construction of the supporting walls of different materials

Historically, the most popular option was concrete bonded stone solutions, but more alternatives appears lately:

• brick;
• wood;
• piles;
• tires;
• geotextiles.

Natural stone looks organically other materials. It is fixed by means of composites, but sometimes boulders used for filling the metal grating. Then get gabions - props with high load-bearing capacity. Wooden construction collected vertically or horizontally. The first method leaves more solutions in terms of area arrangement does not require matching identical elements. Brick buildings erected with a particular type of masonry, in half, in the whole, and so on. D. Make ordinary brick rows, with the foundation. Concrete walls are solid and teams. They reinforce and align with plaster. Tiles or tile veneer due to a monotonous appearance. Fences, tires can reach large sizes. They were erected in a short time. Filled with a shovel - sand, gravel and soil.

concrete

In most cases, the concrete wall is formed by casting. First, dig a trench depth is chosen according to the height of the proposed wall and soil features. The bottom cover gravel and crushed stone. Then form the reinforcing cage: shape can be arbitrary. The next thing set timbering. After these manipulations transferred to the concrete pouring. In this step include tubes for discharging liquid. In which case, holes are cut after solidification with a diamond drill. After drying concrete remove formwork and plastered walls for alignment. Later transferred to the finishing works. Concrete structures are considered one of the most durable. In this case, setting the fence can be made using precast concrete systems. Then resorted to cutting diamond wheels.

Of solid bricks

This is one of the most cost materials. Moreover, the bricks remain after the construction of other facilities. For decorative coatings are used for dying fragments, as well as old and broken elements. Brick - the best material for retaining structures with complex geometry, for instance with protrusions, recesses, corners rounded. laying the technology is not different from the version of conventional construction. At the same time, low barriers choose laying in a half-brick. 1 meter above the strengthening erecting equipment in full brick, further with increasing armature. Foundation equips ligation and gravel drainage. Behind the wall make enhanced drainage as brick does not tolerate moisture. The construction normally trim - decorative tiles. Designers thus use any texture and color.

Natural stone

Classic, reliable and comfortable option wall. Stone fence organically blend with any color scheme. The high cost of the material can be compensated at the expense of their own materials. They are collected in the highlands, and in a few days are enough for a large fence. Erecting walls of rounded boulders rectangular stone blocks, sharp fragments of rock. In regular gardens are often used blocks of limestone or sandstone with styling straight rows. Boulders of different sizes stacked to simulate the natural clutter. Construction begins with the digging of trenches, filling and drainage of foundation of the organization. Strengthen the base of the wire reinforcement and metal construction waste. Low walls erected on stones, half buried in the ground. Void sometimes filled with soil to plant seeds. On the steep slopes of stones bonded with cement mortar.

Natural stone can erect gabions - then the material will be fixed in a solid metal lattice.

wood

The average price of construction method. Wall with horizontal masonry erected from a perfectly flat, dried wood. Usually made of logs, but also used the bars - take the whole as glued to rain may exfoliate. Horizontal and vertical installation. In the second case, in addition to other qualities necessary to select elements of the same length and thickness. They fasten the cross members, clamps and fittings. Vertical bricklaying - a fast, easy and economical. In this case, can be used for dying timber with different dimensions. Sometimes erect barriers of trunks, felled directly at the cottage or somewhere nearby. For example, logs from old or dead trees. For low walls of 40-90 cm take fragments of uneven trunks of fruit trees. On twisty sections set exactly vertical fence.

The use of gabions

Special attention deserve wall-gabions. They operate in a metal frame with a large number of empty space inside. This grating with a pitch of 5-10 cm, respectively, for stones with a diameter of 7-12 cm. Grids are made of steel wire. Neighboring blocks thus firmly bonded. Reliability fortifications depends directly on the weight of the stones. The ability to retain soil on the slope at the gabions are much higher than those of conventional retaining wall. Laying is simple in technical terms, it is no need reinforcing layers and the foundation. The positive aspect lies in the possibility of a multi-level setting. At the same time natural resources will require more. Gabions used for a long time in the mountains, especially along rivers. High fences put in places where rockfalls observed. In the last decade the design became popular in landscape design. There were curly options, do not fulfill the function of the wall.

System over time only become stronger, because the gaps between the stones are filled with soil and plants.

of tires

One of the least labor-intensive and the cheapest options. Especially because in the tire fitting services tires sometimes give a gift. Bus treated refractory means and set away from the houses. In the process of construction of old tires spread the rows into columns. In the center of each hammer anchor piles. Then the tire tightly filled with sand and gravel, and often even ground. Ranks as bolted. Erecting fences tire also by coanda. In the tire sidewall cut one. The first row is filled with sand and crushed stone mixture on the top. On it is placed a solid sheet material. The harder the layer is, the more reliable will wall. Subsequent rows are placed on the same principle, in something similar to a brick wall. Wall then fix anchor piles on the outside - without them, may move the entire structure.

Sheet pile

The construction will consist of a continuous series. The material chosen anything: concrete, wood, metal and even plastic. The side surfaces of piles equipped with front and rear connecting locks. The first soil pile to drive a front connection. After it is mounted with the rear element of the lock, in the direction of the mount. Both parts are connected, and the density of added via the binding agent. It also prevents longitudinal displacement of the poles with respect to each other. Along the height of the pedestrian area barriers should be at least 1 m. Enclosures formed drainage system to drain groundwater and atmospheric water. Make channels and grooves with gravel and crushed stone. Waterproofing arrange two layers of hot bitumen, optional second - in case the compound is in the soil with an aggressive response to compositions of bitumen.

Armogruntovaya backup

It is used as an alternative to stone or wooden wall. Structure is formed by filling soil geotextile. Now collect retaining walls with the addition of mixtures of earth and rubble in wicker geogrid. Special Textiles with natural filler spread in several tiers. The enclosure is fixed metal anchors, the reliability and protection against the bias to increase the number of parts. Top retaining structure trim plates. Armogruntovye design advantageous in earthquake zones, because geopoloten efficacy in non-uniform sediment is higher than that of rigid structures. Lattice system helps to ensure that the soil to withstand heavy loads and maintain the integrity of the areas with the maximum slope. Textiles for horizontal reinforcement has all the important qualities:

• High tear strength.
• Strong traction.
• Low strain level.

Retaining wall in landscape design

In this area, the fence design with the retaining function of acting as a central element: in landscape art actively use elevation and cascading form. Retaining walls combine with tracks, alpine slides and flowerbeds. With flower beds create a sort of "hanging gardens". Supports 50-70 cm in height also perform a basic function. Constructions higher than 1 m is set primarily for containment of soil or underscore high landforms. In producing landscaping walls protrude stone materials, metals, cement and plastics. In this fortification structures are complete, compact or made of gabions. The latter are metallic lattice filled with large stones. Against the background of green grass, plants and flowers, these products look organically. In addition, get a good savings.

conclusion

Retaining fence fortification and are decorative. Walls used for safety reasons: they protect against landslides and reduce the scale of possible damage. Above component design should consider all those who do not yet want to buy a pattern portion. After all, it supports not only improves the soil, with their help form levels and smoother, even terraced landscapes. Before the erection of structures studied soil environmental factors in terms of stress and pressure, take into account the amount of precipitation. The walls are built of natural stone and wood, brick and concrete, piles and tires. Special structures made of geotextile, metal frames. At high fences isolated foundation, usually a belt. Then the main part of erecting walls, leaving the intermediate layer. At the end of the work equip drainage, drainage and waterproofing set.