Telescopes: the device characteristics, how to choose, how to use

Telescope used for observation of distant objects. With the help of the lens system of the device allows you to see the exact, detailed enlarged image of the object located in the far distance from the beholder.

An effect of increasing by a combination of convex and concave circular windows in the housing - of the lens. Convex lens, if to look at it from the side, is thicker in the middle than at the edges. Concave - on the contrary.

Convex lens, located on the part of the object of observation, called the lens, and on the part of the beholder - the eyepiece. As an eyepiece is used as the convex and concave glass.

Apparatus spyglass

The light rays reflected from distant objects belong to the lens, collected in his glass and refracted on a curved surface, pass through it. The resulting image is valid, such as it is seen by the eyes watching, not armed with magnifying devices.

Going further, the rays reach the concave glass. In it they are refracted again and scattered at the exit in different directions at an angle to the previous direction. The observer will see an enlarged image of the object. Such a system was used in the first telescope invented by Galileo.

In replaced them scheme Kepler rays after refraction in the lens converge at a point, called a focus. They then parted again and got into another convex lens of the eyepiece. Image The result is inverted.

To observe the stars it did not matter. To obtain an enlarged image unturned, between the objective lens and the eyepiece and relay lenses give prisms (volumetric geometrical window, usually triangular shape).

The light rays are refracted repeatedly fall into the eyepiece in the same order in which pass through the lens. This keeps more light and the picture is clear and precise.

Use the following types of optical devices mechanism:

• Driving Kepler: Lens and eyepiece - convex. Picture that sees the observer - inverted. Such optics are used for observation of the starry sky;
• Porro prism - common system, similar to the device binoklevyh lenses. Between the lens and the eyepiece is composed of two triangular prisms which collect light received lens. The prisms are arranged in such a way that the refracted several times on their faces, light rays enter the eyepiece to form an image of the object unturned. The angle directions of the rays in this scheme allows the design is not straight but obliquely positioned eyepiece. The observer looks down, which is natural for a look;
• Roof prism - a complex and expensive system is compact. Complicated structure of quadrangular prisms bonded together reduces the distance required for refraction. Such prisms are fragile.

Types of telescopes

use their technical parameters for the classification of telescopes.

Distinguish device scaling:

1. With the steady increase - zoom can not be adjusted;
2. With increasing variable - increase adjusted (enlarged or reduced scale images with the position of one and the same place).

When the multiplicity is 15, will be the object of a picture, as if looking is at a distance 15 times less of the object.

For manual use, a good value ratio to 12. For appliances with a high magnification it is advisable to buy a tripod, as the slightest movements of the hands, the picture will be shaking. With a tripod will keep a record, organize group supervision, reduce the load on the hands.

With an increase in the lens diameter increases throughput of light.

By type of optical telescopes are:

1. Lens - only glass lenses used in optics;
2. Mirror-lens - to reflect the light rays and mirrors are used within the housing.

The image in the mirror-lens devices, brighter, lighter, without distortion. In this case, the mirror is not so strong, and there are more such models. If the purpose of use is not a professional or scientific, the lens optics - the best option.

There are devices for daytime and twilight observations. To determine the suitability for observation at dusk, it is necessary to calculate the size of the exit pupil. For this purpose, the lens diameter divided by the multiplicity (in models with variable multiplicity of exit pupil will also be variable).

For observation of the twilight value of the pupil is needed from 3 to 7 mm. For studies in the day time a value of the exit pupil is not suitable. Consider the night sky with the exit pupil is less than three millimeters and will not work.

Depending on the design of the eyepiece divided into:

• Models Direct eyepiece - the whole body is in a straight line;
• With eyepiece disposed at an angle to the main body.

The slope provides a natural viewing direction from top to bottom, it is convenient to use a group of people. But for novice users accustomed to direct construction, and it is easier to adjust image sharpness.

high-end model with a clear, picture contrast and high range suitable for scientific research, astronomical observations.

Simpler models are suitable for hiking. For children it is better to choose simple, with a light but rugged, with the option of a digital camera, or connect to the equipment.

There are models designed in retro style. Their function is more aesthetic and entertainment. For professional enough technical capabilities.

The standard is usually included:

• technical data sheet;
• user's manual;
• warranty card;
• Case with a belt for carrying and storage;
• Cover to protect the optics.

When buying, check their availability.

accessories

Separately pick the following accessories:

• Tripod for fixing the device in a stable position, avoiding jitter;
• Additional bags, cases for specific situations - a hike with heavy conditions require robust case that protects from rain, occasional bumps. For city trips - light bag, and for home storage - a suitcase with compartments for all accessories;
• Filters - protective glasses for viewing bright objects;
• Cleaning products;
• Adapters for connecting digital devices;

Benefits

Among the positive aspects of the use can be identified:

• Approximation objects at a far distance, detailed transmission of images;
• Some models are connected to a digital camera that takes pictures or writes the image obtained through observation;
• The case is made from durable, but heavy materials.

Not bulky magnifying pipe is convenient to take with them to a sporting event, its size does not cause inconvenience to others. Compact size saves space in a backpack tourists.

Many of them are set with variable magnification lens that allows you to see a general panorama of the object.

The advantage of Porro prisms that the opinion of the beholder by tilting eyepiece is directed at a natural angle from the top down, rather than along the body, as in conventional designs direct.

Plus roof prisms is that when the powerful technical characteristics of compact size. It would be useful if the device is used in active activities involving the movement of terrain, but it requires a high range and clarity of the image (eg, hunting, or for scientific observations). Otherwise it is better to choose a budget option.

How to choose a telescope

If the characteristics of these high-expansion, but its ultimate limit of the large lens diameter, the point in this range increase the no. Still see more than the lens does not work.

Housing well protects the mechanism from damage and humidity, but very few devices distinguished by their total water resistance, and moisture condensation, glass and mirrors zapoteyut that affect the quality of Pictures.

Rate the quality of the optics. Manufacturers can save on coated lenses and prisms. This leads to the appearance of glare when pointing at a bright object.

To check the quality of the illumination, the lens is directed bright light on the surface to be visibly colorful spraying. Each manufacturer uses its own technology illumination optical lenses and prisms, so no one particular color. The main thing that was not the white glare and reflections.

Should give preference lens of ED-glass, they provide sharp images and natural color reproduction.

When choosing a mother's body is better to stay on the metal models.

If your eyes get tired and sore after the acquisition during long observation, contact the store or place of warranty service, as it is often associated with problems of the optical system.

If you know that monitoring will be conducted in a relatively close objects, you should choose a model with a small value of the minimum focus distance (setting sharpness).

If the device will serve as a means of entertainment, memories, or to orient in the territory during a hiking without a goal scientific observation of nature and animals, can hardly choose a model with sophisticated features and functions that still do not have use.

Which is better

Choosing the best model depends on the purpose for which it will be used. Identify the following common characteristics in favor of the acquisition:

• Pipes with Porro-prism picture show natural colors. The price of such models is not the highest.
• Models compatible with digital cameras that can save interesting moments, important observations;
• Multi-Coated Optics and large diameter lens;
• Sealed enclosure with a protective coating that prevents damage and scratching;
• Models with lenses produced from HD-, ED-glass;
• Availability of components and spare parts in need of repair;
• Availability of sockets for the connection of a tripod.

How to use a telescope

To the chosen model has served for a long time, should be perform simple rules of operation, care and maintenance:

• Store in a hard case or a special suitcase;
• Do not touch the glass and mirror details hands;
• Keep the tube from dust and moisture and storing it in environments with high humidity, direct sunlight;
• Use special care products for the body and lenses (cleaning agents, wipes);
• Avoid long stay in direct sunlight;
• Do not use the care optics conventional cleaning agents which damage it, leading to deterioration of the lens characteristics;
• That the device is not accidentally fell while carrying, carry it on a strap over his shoulder, do not remove the strap when observing an object with it, in case the tube accidentally fall out.

Terms of Use telescope:

• If there is discomfort from contact with the ocular area around the eyes, use a special soft-tip eye cup;
• You can not look through the lens to direct sunlight in order to avoid getting burned retinas. On the use of special filters, consult with a specialist;

Guarantee

Standard warranty period is from one to ten years. The warranty provided by the manufacturer, confirmed warranty card. The manufacturer provides a quality certificate store for the goods.

Reliable producers, regardless of the warranty provided by the store, set the terms of warranty repairs of three to ten years.

During the term of the following services:

• manufacturers compensate and eliminate manufacturing defects;
• replace the faulty products due to manufacturing defects.

Shops are usually free of repair and eliminate defects within their own warranty period (from one to two years, usually). It is necessary to immediately clarify the list of workshops, with which the manufacturer and store warranty agreement.

Refuse warranty service if the following reasons:

• If the injuries were caused deliberately or as a result of deliberately negligent, improper handling (carefully follow the instructions claim, their violation - ground for refusal);
• If prior to applying for a warranty repair, the product repaired in not authorized by the manufacturer or the store's workshop;
• If you are installing parts from another manufacturer, is not legalized by the manufacturer.

malfunctions

If you violate the integrity and appearance of the body condensate, attempts to disassemble and dry mechanism will aggravate the situation.

Independent replacement be damaged detachable parts telescope:

1. Removable lenses;
2. Lens.

manufacturers

Choosing a telescope is necessary to stop the choice on proven manufacturers with a reliable reputation. Among the well known manufacturers of optics following companies:

Bresser

BRESSER German company specializes in manufacturing optical instruments, binoculars, telescopes and accessories to them for more than fifty years. BRESSER products are of excellent quality, variety of models, the use of modern materials and technologies.

Warranty provided by their products, usually five years. The company has a range of devices for children.

carl Zeiss

Another German company with a worldwide reputation in the optical technology market - carl Zeiss. Products of this brand is not cheap, but it is of fine quality, long-life, high-end specifications. This technique is more for professionals than amateurs. Carl Zeiss is a guarantee of ten years.

Celestron

The famous American brand Celestron produces optical devices for general consumers. Products of this company - a great choice for beginners and children.

The company actively uses in its work with modern digital technology, including the guidance system on the object. Company warranty on optical instruments - five years.

Fancier

Chinese firm fancierfoto.ru/It specializes in photo equipment, optical devices and accessories. The company has expanded its product range and production volume in the last few years and entered the world market. Fancier equipment is available for the price and is of good quality.

Levenhuk

Russian organization Levenhukproizvodit optical equipment, including for scientific and medical purposes. Products manufactured by this company are known for good quality and reasonable price. The company has a children's line of optical devices models.

Minox

German company Minoxengaged in the production of optical instruments and photographic equipment with ultrazoom. The Company closely monitors the improvement of the technical characteristics of its products, and manufactures high quality instruments.

Minox is so responsible approach to the quality and reliability of the product, which guarantees the elimination of manufacturing defects for a period of thirty years from the date of purchase of the company's products.

Veber

optics Manufacturer Veber established in Russia, in St. Petersburg. Optics Company reproduces clear image quality and reasonable price make it possible Russian manufacturer stably exist in the domestic market of optical instruments.

The brand produces a wide range of instruments and accessories. The warranty period is three years.

Yukon

Under the company's logo Yukon united several organizations from different countries, but initially the company was founded by connecting the Belarusian brand for the production of optical devices and the US optical company.

The company's products is popular and has a good reputation. With good quality, the products Yukon prices are quite affordable. The warranty periods for the products start at three years.

All major manufacturers accompany its production certificates or passports, confirming quality and lists specifications, warranty card and detailed instructions on application.