Gorodets painting: its history, characteristics and methods of drawing phased teaching children older group

Flowers. Patterns. Simple bright colors... A child with pleasure writes on the yellow background pink circles, of which soon born kupavka lush, carefully trying to put on a blue spot elongated petals drop chamomile. Among the lush vegetation displays funny pheasant pot-bellied or slender-legged horse. This familiarity with the Gorodets painting.

First contact with crafts - to the peculiar form of art, which appeared in the village, peasant family, has absorbed over the centuries of existence of a world of spiritual, aesthetic and national traditions. It was born as a household decoration items, and grew up in patterned, festive incarnation of the Russian soul.

The emergence of arts and crafts

In any phenomenon has its roots. The starting point, without which the Gorodets painting simply did not come to the light, was the most ordinary home spinning wheel - a necessary thing if the hostess in every peasant family.

Location and time

It all started with the end of XVIII century in the Volga region, in the villages and the villages located on the banks of a small river Uzola River, which flowed near the ancient Gorodets. In these villages - in Koskovo and Kurtseva in Savino and Hlebaihe - has long been a cottage industry of home spinning wheels it has been adjusted. All parts of it - and the basal plate, and kopylok and comb - were made of wood, the benefit of the forest around enough, and originally decorated with carvings uncomplicated.

Particular attention was paid to Donets - a board on which during operation of the spinner, and which he sat after work hang on the wall in a prominent place. In a conspicuous place adorned with nothing "dostochku" master in the house and keep there was something obscene. Therefore performed on them every wonderful carving, and at the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries old masters and completely mastered complicated technique of inlay, which was used for insertion of dark, bog oak.

The process, however, turned out to be very time consuming, and the production of one product took a very long time. Demand for the spinning wheel is constantly growing, and to increase their number, oak inserts were replaced - first partially and then completely - to bright trim painting made tempera paints and durability varnished. This greatly reduced the time of production and increased sales of products for the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, which carried their goods for sale uzolskie wizard.

A particular drawing, technical methods, templates, and the main elements are developed for decades, got its final registration in the seventies of the XIX century. Then the village was invited Kurtseva from Gorodets to repair the local church known painter Ogurechnikov. It was he who, intrigued by the local fishing "brought to mind" technique uzoltsev painting, bringing into it icon-painting techniques: how to overlay layers of paint, the game sets off with arcs and recovery picture white.

origin of name

I called at the time the fishery anyway. Master peasants no self-names are not invented, but in the earlier editions was written or the "Nizhny Novgorod painting" on location of the fair, which came true product, or the "kurtsevskih dyer" at their most massive and developed manufacturing.

At the end of the XIX century with the advent of large weaving mills and cheap calico the need for domestic production of fabrics no longer. Spinning wheels were anyone else do not need and, as a consequence, fishing began to fade. By World War I, he virtually disappeared, while continuing to exist only in the form of random individual works of fans and enthusiasts.

The modern name appeared only in the 30-ies of the XX-th century, when, under the patronage of the state fisheries have a chance at rebirth. Restoring workshops and cooperative initially steel Gorodets. For stories of his genre scenes artists traditionally take sketches from life Gorodets merchants and burghers. And the center of sales is now moved to this city.

All this together gave rise to B. M. Vasilenko, one of the largest researchers of folk culture, to use the term in their works "Gorodets painting", which was destined since then to gain a foothold as the title of this art Russian fishing.

Technical features paintings

To paint on the bottoms pryalochnyh always been characterized by some simple stories and simple compositions. Over time, become more complex individual elements, there were new themes and characters, improved equipment letters, but any modifications are made very carefully, without disturbing the existing historical tradition.

The composition and plot

Compositionally painting had two three-part structure. From top to bottom of the - tiers - each carrying its own meaning and complement each other, It could be regarded as completely independent works:

1. The upper tier is usually occupied home or a genre scene, which portrayed tea party, feasts, festivals, village gatherings, elegant gentlemen and ladies in crinolines. And as the spinning wheel is historically always been a part of the dowry, and the wedding theme - matchmaking, bride, bride and groom travel - also are reflected here.
2. Middle - represented the band with different floral patterns. Performing like a supporting role - to separate the upper tier from the bottom - he looked like a completely finished work of art. Subsequently developed under the belts flower arrangements have become very popular for painting boxes and other small souvenirs.
3. Content became lower image of birds and animals in a frame lush flower (strings, patterns, frames). Each character has a symbolic value and filling the wizard additional meaning. So, cock, pheasant, peacock, chicken, Gorodets bird personified the comfort of home and family happiness. Horse, horse symbolized prosperity and wealth. And what is especially famous Gorodets painting - flowers - health and success in business.

Over time, patterns with pryalochnyh Donets moved to cover the chests, boxes, salt cellars, cutting boards, steel decoration of children's furniture and souvenirs. Modernity has made some changes, and easily recognizable elements can be seen today in airbrushing cars, decoration of mobile phones and other similar devices.

phasing letters

Immiscible colors in products and led to a special technique of execution: stepwise drawing Gorodets painting. Paints are superposed on each other, but each successive layer is applied only after the previous dry. Masters highlighted 3 main stages of painting:

• Underpainting - brushing fleyts (wide flat brushes) of all compositions in figures 4-5 flowers; reception is simple, accessible even five-year child, and its main task - creating a smooth monochromatic background without gaps of leaked and the paint sags.
• Tenovka - drawing a fine brush contours of the character, an animal or a flower, for which are used the dark (usually black) saturated colors.
• Ozhivka - the final stage of painting, during which the whitewash (in very rare cases - yellow ocher) applied strokes, glare, drops and other small parts than ambiance on attained brightness sensation and a rich pomp products.

Clarity products from Gorodets, phased execution simplicity made them available for the practical development of children older groups of kindergarten and primary school students.

Fundamentals of teaching methods

Decorative painting based Gorodets painting - an important part of the artistic development of the child and love it with a national tradition. Therefore plainness and "childishness" Gorodets main characters really help children to master them, not only theoretically, but also practically, in the framework of the creative process.

Preparatory stage

Lesson should precede the choice of form over which the kids will work, and the creation of the material base. The first topic will help determine the size, composition, the number of elements. There is a difference between the design of the book Bookmark and cutting board, and is not equivalent painted spoons and wooden dishes. It depends on the overall level of the group of pupils and their personal abilities.

As for the second, then all is definitely more. To engage preparing paint (preferably gouache), three brushes - one broad flat, two squirrel № 2,3, a sheet of paper, painted in yellow color, in which the teacher pencil marks form the product and the basic elements of the composition, and scissors.

In his opening remarks, the teacher should tell about the history of the fishery, its features, to introduce the group to the illustrative material. Depending on the complexity of the pattern of the future need to set targets and to identify the main goal.

creative work

The process itself is as follows:

1. It begins with the simplest elements Gorodets painting for preschoolers: with colors and floral patterns, supplemented by leaves, buds and berries. Then, depending on the initial results, you can go to a more complex composition or cockerel horse, but first let the children become familiar with the "Gorodetz" for example, rose and kupavki, chamomile and Gorodets roses. This should take place in stages, in accordance with the letters of the art, and include the development of fine motor skills with a brush, eye and coloring techniques.
2. Do not forget that "Gorodets" - a painting on wood. That is why the preparatory phase is applied to the working side of a sheet light yellow background, simulates unpainted wood surface. At the final stage of employment it will be possible to use the scissors to give a kind of cutting boards, dishes, wooden spoons. But only at the final stage, because it is more convenient to draw the child on the page the usual landscape format.
3. First, you must learn how to perform a wide brush smooth circles - underpainting, focusing as an aid at the pencil sketches. For them, selected a pink and blue colors (basic colors for the performance), and the green marsh filled contours of the leaves. After this is done finger gymnastics as methodologically correct and allows underpainting to dry.
4. Tenovka carried out in the same tone - rich red of pink and dark blue on light blue. On this and the following steps are very important example of the teacher factor and individual support for each child. Work is carried out with a fine brush and requires attention and care. In hover arches and half-arches of particular complexity is not, and the main task is to strive for the subtleties of lines and the maximum possible (taking into account age, of course) grace the image.
5. Ozhivka white paint made strictly under the supervision of the teacher, not to give the children to get carried away and do not let them overwhelm the picture drops, dots, dashes, spirals and other small parts. Fostering a sense of measures - one of the primary tasks at this stage.

The final part

At the final stage, the work with the scissors, through which the article is attached to a finished appearance. It should be noted in the works of successful moments, make a brainstorm, organize an exhibition of handicrafts. In any case it is not necessary to arrange a critical analysis of the works, probably justified, but a substitute for the pleasure of the creative process boring didacticism.

So, or something like this, you can build a lesson on drawing in the older group. It will awaken the imagination of children, learn to use different types of brushes in a single creative work, will develop artistic taste and interest in folk art. And most importantly, it gives the child a chance to touch the fabulous world of the Russian national culture.